Religion Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religion - Personal Statement Example He fasted in the wilderness for forty days and forty nights (matt 4: 1-11), where the devil tempted him and he overcame all the temptation because he had faith and believed and worshipped one God (Hauer & Young, 2011). Some lessons learnt are, there is need for one to know the bible scriptures so well, as it’s a necessity in believers lives as it is full of temptations. Through the scriptures knowledge one can overcome all temptations as it acts as a weapon. Through prayers we can overcome temptation as it’s demonstrated by Jesus, and this made us to believe Jesus as the only begotten son of God as he had power to defeat Satan. Also we need to be obedient to God as we are not supposed to be swayed by the earthly belongings as in today’s times but instead obey God because with God everything is possible (Hauer & Young, 2011). There is need to trust in God because he is powerful and we do not need a spectacular thing so that you can believe. There need to wait for the perfect time of God to fulfill his plan, so as Christians we should not go for shortcuts in life but instead wait for the appropriate time (Hauer & Young,

Happiness and Helplessness Essay Example for Free

Happiness and Helplessness Essay Different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment †¢because using dogs in experiment, noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in avoidance experiments obut adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learn very quickly in the classical conditioning exp second) †¢tripartite designoone dogs put into harness and nothing done to them (control) oanother set with shocks done to back legs but had nose plate to turn off shock (controllable shock emission escape) o(yoked control) had nose plate that could not turn off shock †¢took dogs off of harness and tried to train them in avoiding shock †¢yoked control could not learn to escape an aversion condition †¢failure of contiguity and contingency interference effect †¢trans-situationalilty †¢stress vs controllability oprior exp with control effect of signal event. †¢Other observations oappetitive learning, anxiety, depressive like state †¢Seligman, maier, and solomon’s theory of learned helplessness oMotivational, cognitive, emotional aspects Why so important about learned helplessness? †¢A role for contingency and not mere contiguity in learning †¢A role of cognitions in learning, behavior and motivation †¢Its link to depression (exposure to uncontrollable or unescapable stress causes a depressive state) Contingency learning †¢Contingencies oIf and only if x, then y (y dependent on x) †¢To determine a contingency we need to know two bits of info oProbability that Y will occur after x p(y/x) oProbability that y will occur in the absence of x, p(y/no x) †¢Contingency is oDelta p = p(y/x)-p(y/no x) †¢Doe sour behavior cause some consequence Experience of control †¢People report a subjective feeling of control if oPositive relation between response r and consequence C (behavior can include c) oNegative relation between response R and consequence c (behavior can inhibit C) †¢Learned helplessness when:  ono relationship between R and C theory of learned helplessness †¢learned helpless = experience with non contingency interferes with learning about contingencies depression †¢attempt to link LH with depression osimilar surface characteristic osimilar neurochemistry †¢hopelessness depression ois neg event important and stable oare consequences important and stable odoes it effect self-esteem †¢depressive realism oput people i n exp does behavior cause certain type of event ohow much control of blowing up tank was their fault –  omost people are delusion about the actual amount of control their actions have – while depressive people have more realistic point of view results †¢residents self report oincrease in happiness, activity †¢interview reported increased alertness †¢nurses rated increases in ogeneral health otime visiting other patients other people talking to staff omore involvement in activities oless time in passive activities olived longer the pursuit of happiness †¢state vs trait happiness opleasure of the moment osubjective well being †¢what causes happiness oAristotle. Hedonia (pleasure) †¢Eudaimonia (a life well-lived) Some of us are born happy †¢Strong genetic contribution to happiness oIdentical twins are more similar in happiness than fraternal twins oEven those raised in different families (via adoption) Happy events make us happy †¢Pleasant things happen just as often to happy people as unhappy people †¢And unpleasant things happy to happy people just as often †¢Older people have fewer happy event (because they’re less active) but get more pleasure from each one †¢How to measure happiness: simple polls, and reflections Set-point theory of happiness †¢Our disposition determines our happiness †¢Happiness is largely a stable internal trait oLong tern adult happiness is stable around a set point depending on genetic factors and personality traits molded Economists disagree †¢Classis economic theory argues that ind are motivated to maximize their utility (satisfaction) †¢A descendent of the utilitarianism theory of john mill oGreta happiness principle †¢One must always act so to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest Money makes us happy †¢Richer people are happy, but only to a certain point †¢Material lives keep increasing, but happiness does not increase at same rate What doesn’t greater income produce significantly greater happiness? †¢Ther perception of well-being oNot how well am I doing oBut how well am I doing compared to my peers †¢Also depends on expectation of income oPeople are more sensitive to perceived losses than gains †¢But if you factor in wealth and consumption patterns it starts to account for more data Bhutan Attributional styles †¢Why do some people exp uncontrollable stressors but not develop learned helplessness? †¢Why do some people derive more satisfaction from success or happy experiences?  oImportant how they are treated It’s not whether you have a life of pleasant events its how you attribute those events †¢Internal vs external oWere you or others to blame †¢Global vs specific oDoes it happen everywhere or just here †¢Permanent or temporary oDoes it always happen or just now †¢A bramson, Seligman, Teasdale (1978) Modern positive psychology †¢Martin Seligman †¢Using modern psychological research oPleasure oEngagement (benefit of immersing in a primary activity) oMeaning and affiliation (pleasure of belonging to a group or cause) †¢What makes a happy life. oGerman socioeconomic panal †¢Found that ind well being can change considerably in their lives †¢Against set point theory oWhat were the factors that can influence whether a person becomes more or less happy for long periods of time? †¢Be extroverted, not neurotic †¢High priority for humanitarian, family goals, and low priority for materialistic ones †¢Long term partner (not be neurotic, have high priority for altruistic and family goals) †¢Attend church †¢Don’t work too much, or too little †¢Exercise †¢Participate in social activities †¢Don’t be fat

Gene Therapy Methods and Delivery Systems

Gene Therapy Methods and Delivery Systems Genes the units of heredity â€Å"There can be little doubt that the idea of ‘the gene’ has been the central organizing theme of twentieth century biology† philosopher and biochemist Lenny Moss claimed in 2003. A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. In general terms, a gene is a segment of nucleic acid that, taken as a whole, specifies a trait. The biological entity responsible for defining traits was termed a gene, but the biological basis for inheritance remained unknown until DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was identified as the genetic material in the 1940s. In cells, a gene is a portion of DNA that contains both coding sequences that determine what the gene does, and non-coding sequences that determine when the gene is active (expressed). When a gene is active, the coding and non-coding sequences are copied in a process called transcription, producing an RNA (Ribonucleic ac id) copy of the genes information. RNA can then direct synthesis of proteins via the genetic code. In other cases, the RNA is used directly, for example, as part of the ribosome. The molecules resulting from gene expression, whether RNA or protein, are known as gene products, and are responsible for the development and functioning of all living things. Every cell requires a host of genes that act as blueprints of all the proteins essential for its proper functioning. DNA is a linear polymer of deoxynucleotide monomers. Chemically speaking, it has a double helical structure of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs of the nucleotide strands. Each nucleotide in DNA is comprised of three components, a heterocyclic base, a sugar (2-deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. The nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain are connected through phosphodiester bonds. The nitrogenous bases are of two types, namely, purine based adenine (A) guanine (G), and pyrimidine based cytosine (C) thymine (T). In DNA, base pairs form only between A T and G C and thus the base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its complementary strand. Gene Therapy: Molecular Bandage? Gene therapy is believed by many to be the therapy of the twenty first century because it aims to eradicate cause rather than symptoms of diseases by delivering a normal functioning copy of the mutated gene and its associated regulatory elements into the cell nucleus (1-3). It is a technique whereby an absent or a faulty gene is replaced by a working gene, so that the body can make the correct enzyme or protein and consequently eliminate the root cause of the disease. A potential approach for treating genetic disorders is gene therapy. The most likely candidates for future gene therapy trials will be single gene disorders like, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, familial hypercholesterolemia, ADA deficiency, Gaucher disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency etc. Apart from these monogenic disorders, gene therapy also holds the potential of treating acquired diseases such as cancer, by inhibiting oncogene expression or by restoring tumor suppressor genes or through immunomodulation (i.e. by i ncreasing immune response to tumor antigens). Cardiovascular diseases too remain as one of the most â€Å"promising† targets for gene therapy because of the ready accessibility of the vascular system for gene transfer (4). Types of Gene Therapy: Depending on the type of cells into which genes are transferred a process popularly known as â€Å"transfection†. Gene therapy can be broadly classified into two types: Somatic cell Germline gene therapy. Somatic Cell gene therapy: This type of therapy involves the transfection of somatic (non-reproductive) cells especially of those tissues in which expression of the concerned gene is critical for health. Expression of the introduced gene relieves/eliminates symptoms of the disorder, but this effect is not heritable. Germline gene therapy: This type of therapy involves gene transfer into reproductive cells (egg or sperm cells). Here germ cells are modified by the introduction of functional genes, which are ordinarily integrated into their genomes. It would change the genetic pool of the entire human species, and future generations would have to live with that  change. Depending upon the method of correcting the faulty gene, gene therapy can be classified into the following categories: Gene augmentation therapy: This type of therapy is the most appropriate one for the treatment of inherited diseases caused by the loss of a functional gene. It involves supplementing the body cells with a functional copy of the lost gene so that the missing protein is expressed at sufficient levels in the body. It is only suitable if the pathogenic effects of the disease are reversible. Gene inhibition therapy: Its aim is to introduce a gene whose product inhibits the expression of the pathogenic gene or interferes with the activity of its product (5). Suicide gene therapy: This method is best suited for a disease like cancer where the aim is to eliminate a certain population of cells. It involves the transfection of such cells with a suicide gene, whose product is toxic. The suicide genes should be appropriately targeted to avoid widespread cell death (6). Depending upon the mode of delivering genes into a patient’s body, gene therapy can be classified into the following two types: Ex vivo gene therapy: In ex vivo gene therapy, gene transfer occurs outside the patient’s body. This is again sub-divided into two types viz, Autologous Non-autologous. Autologous gene therapy involves the transfection of cells derived from the patient followed by the re-introduction of these cells into the patient’s body. Non-autologous gene therapy involves the transfection of cells not derived from the patient’s body. In vivo gene therapy: In this method the therapeutic gene is directly introduced into the body by injection or by inhalation with the help of a suitably designed vector. Gene Delivery Vectors: Key to Success in Gene therapy Gene therapy, as a novel therapeutic modality, holds enormous promise for the treatment of a multitude of human diseases. However, till date it has failed regrettably in spite of more than 1500 clinical trials completed or currently underway around the world. The primary reason for the failure of the clinical success of gene therapy is the lack of efficient gene delivery agents, commonly referred to as transfection vectors. However, since the biological cell surfaces are negatively charged (due to the presence of glycoproteins and glycolipids containing negatively charged sialic acid residues on cell surface), spontaneous entry of polyanionic naked genes (DNA) into body cells is an inefficient process. Hence â€Å"transfer vehicle† or a â€Å"vector† in needed to condense the macromolecular DNA and to help it in crossing the plasma membrane barrier. Again delivery of therapeutic DNA to the desired body tissue is important to overcome adverse affects. In other words, the problems of developing clinically viable gene therapy methods and designing safe efficient gene delivery reagents are inseparable: shortcomings in one is going to adversely affe ct the success of the other. Hence, realization of the full potential of gene therapy will depend, in a major way, on the future development of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors. The Ideal Vector!!! A â€Å"perfect† or an â€Å"ideal† vector would resemble a traditional pharmaceutical and should have the following characteristics: (a) should be capable of efficiently delivering to its target an expression cassette carrying one or more genes of the size suitable for clinical application, (b) must not elicit an immune response, (c) should not induce inflammation and thus be safe for the recipient, (d) can be produced in bulk at an acceptable cost with reproducibility, (e) should be stable on storage, and finally, it should express the gene (or genes) it carries for as long as required in a strictly regulated manner. No single vector currently available has all these desired properties and each vector presently in use has its own pros and cons. However, it is important to realize that there cannot be a â€Å"universal† vector, optimally useful for all gene therapy applications. This is due to the fact that each disease will have a unique set of technical requirements, and the â€Å"perfect† vector for a specific disease should be optimized in accordance with these requirements. For example, some diseases will require local delivery of the transgene (e.g., ischemia, retinitis pigmentosa, parkinson’s disease, etc.) while others likecancer and atherosclerosis necessitate systemic delivery. In some cases, only a transient, short-lived gene expression will be needed (e.g., therapeutic angiogenesis, cancer) while in monogenic disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, hemophilia and SCID a long term (sometimes life long) gene expression is mandatory (1). The future clinical success of gene therapy will certainly depend on the uphill task of designing â€Å"tailor-made† vector systems for the treatment of specific diseases. The efforts to design a â€Å"perfect vehicle† for the membrane-impermeable DNA have so far led to the development of many methods based on the principles of biology (viral vectors), physics (microinjection, electroporation, particle bombardment, hydrostatic pressure, and ultrasound) and chemistry (synthetic vectors like cationic lipids polymers). Each of these methods has its intrinsic advantages and disadvantages. Viral Vectors: Nature’s Own Infecting Vehicles Viruses have evolved specific mechanisms through the course of evolution to deliver their genetic material into host cells and then hijack the cell’s biosynthetic machinery to produce new viral particles (7). Thus, owing to their natural ability to infect cells, they can be used as vectors in gene therapy by replacing the genes that are essential for replication phase of their life cycle with the therapeutic genes of interest. Majority of the clinical trials currently underway around the world are based on the use of mainly five categories of viruses, namely, retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, lentivirus and herpes simplex virus. Retroviruses: These are a class of enveloped viruses containing a single stranded RNA molecule (approximately 10 kb). Inside the host cell, the RNA is reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA, which in turn integrates into the host genome and is expressed as viral proteins (8). These are the most promising and widely used viral vectors used for gene therapy applications to date. Advantages: Rapidly dividing cancer cells can be targeted by using these viruses. Enters into cells efficiently and gives long lasting gene expression due to stable integration. Disadvantages: Only infects dividing cells, capable of producing tumorigenic mutagenesis due to random integration, unable to deliver larger genomic sequences. Again, it can insert the genetic material of the virus in any arbitrary position in the genome of the host- it randomly shoves the genetic material into a chromosome. Adenoviruses: These are the second most commonly used viruses for gene delivery. They carry a double stranded linear DNA chromosome of approximately 36 kb. Unlike retroviruses, adenoviruses deliver their genetic payload outside the chromosome and are thus less likely to disrupt the cell’s genome (9). But it is immunogenic and may cause inflammation and tissue damage. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV): They contain a single stranded DNA of approximately 4.7 kb surrounded by a protein coat (10) and can integrate at a specific site in human chromosome 19. AAV does not contain any viral genes and contains only the therapeutic gene and it does not integrate into the genome. It requires co-infection with a â€Å"helper† adenovirus for propagation. The advantage of AAV is that it is a non-pathogenic virus but the size for the exogenous DNA it can deliver is limited due to its smaller genome. The difficulty in large scale production is an additional disadvantage. Envelope protein pseudo typing of viral vectors: The envelope proteins on each of these viruses bind to cell-surface molecules make facile attachment to and entry into a susceptible cell. The potential for off-target cell modification would be limited, and many concerns from the medical community would be alleviated. Although viruses are the most efficient gene transfer vehicles available to date, their widespread clinical success has been impeded by the following major drawbacks: (a) Viruses are notorious for eliciting an immune response which, apart from posing a serious threat to the host, also makes a second dose of the same viral vector ineffective due to the production of high level of antibodies against the viral structural components following its initial administration. In 1999, the death of 18-year old Jesse Gelsinger, undergoing gene therapy for ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency, was believed to be triggered by a severe immune response to the adenoviral vector used. (b) Size restriction on the genetic material that can be encapsulated within the viral particles. (c) Possibility of random integration into host genome leading to the risk of inducing tumorigenic mutations (d) Purification of recombinant vector, verifying the sequence, transfecting the packaging cells, isolating and titering the transgenic virus and finally transducing the target cells are time consuming and labor intensive steps. Collectively, all of these complications associated with the use of viral vectors have prompted researchers around the world to develop artificial non-viral transfection vectors. Non-Viral Methods: Although the gene transfer efficacies of the viral vectors are unmatched till date, the above mentioned serious immunogenic concerns associated with their use have led to the development of non-viral methods for gene therapy. The non-viral vectors offer many advantages over their viral counterparts including significantly lower toxicity and immunogenicity, size independent transfer of nucleic acids, very low frequency of integration, relative ease of large-scale production, simpler quality control and substantially easier pharmaceutical and regulatory requirements. The non-viral transfection methods could be broadly classified into two types: Physical methods and Chemical methods. Physical Methods for Gene Delivery: Physical methods involve the direct introduction of genes into the target cells or tissues thereby avoiding the introduction of any foreign substance like a virus or a synthetic vector. Hence, no serious immunogenic concerns are associated with their application. The required genes are inserted via microinjection, electroporation or particle bombardment (gene gun). Microinjection: In this method, the DNA is directly injected into the nuclei of target cells using a fine glass needle under microscope. Although this method is seductively simple, it is difficult to apply clinically. While this method of gene transfer is nearly 100% efficient, it is laborious and time-consuming, typically allowing only a few hundred cells ( Electroporation: This technique involves the perturbation of the cell membrane by an electric pulse for a few microseconds resulting in the formation of transient pores thereby allowing the exogenous DNA to enter the cell cytoplasm. Although there is no limit on the size of DNA that could be delivered via electroporation, the gene transfer efficiency is low and there is high incidence of cell death (12). Gene Gun: In this method, plasmid DNA is coated onto micron size tungsten or gold micro particles and then propelled into cells using either electrostatic force or gas (Helium) pressure. The high velocity results in some DNA being trapped by a few cells and then it may be expressed at sufficient levels. This technique is fast, simple and safe and has been successfully employed to deliver nucleic acids to cultured cells as well as to cells in vivo especially gene transfer to skin (13) and superficial wounds. Chemical Methods of Gene Delivery: DEAE-Dextran: Diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dextran) is a polycationic derivative of the carbohydrate polymer, dextran and was one of the first chemical reagents used for transfer of nucleic acids into mammalian cells (14). Owing to its positive charge, DEAE-dextran forms an electrostatic complex with the polyanionic DNA. This technique of delivering genes into cells is simple, reproducible and cost effective. However, it could prove toxic to the target cells especially when DMSO or glycerol is used as a supplementary chemical shock to increase gene transfer efficiency. Secondly, this method is not generally useful for stable transfection studies that require integration of the transferred DNA into the chromosome. A major disadvantage of this method is its ability to transfect a limited variety of cells, e.g. phagocytic cells. Calcium Phosphate: Calcium phosphate co-precipitation method for DNA delivery was first introduced by Graham and Van Der Eb in 1972 (15). This technique involves mixing of DNA with calcium chloride and then carefully adding this mixture to a phosphate buffered saline solution followed by incubation at room temperature. The finely divided DNA containing precipitate thus formed is taken up by the cells via endocytosis or phagocytosis. The main advantages of the calcium phosphate method are its simplicity, low cost, and its applicability to a wide variety of cell types. Moreover, it could be used for transient as well as stable transfection studies. The main drawbacks of the technique involve its sensitivity to slight changes in buffer salt concentrations, temperature, and pH, as well as its relatively poor transfection efficiency compared to newer transfection methods. Cationic Polymers: A wide range of organic polymers has been used for gene transfection, the most popular being polylysine polyethylenimine (PEI) (16). These have a high cationic charge density that condenses DNA into positively charged particles capable of interacting with anionic cell surfaces and entering cells via endocytosis. PEI also exhibits extensive buffering capacity across a wide range of pH which protects DNA inside the endosome from degradation via endosomal swelling and rupture. Dendrimers represent another class of polymers used for gene delivery. They consist of three-dimensional, bifurcated, branched structures called dendrons. The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) family of dendrimers has been shown to be very useful for transfection (17). Cationic Liposomes: â€Å"The Artificial Fat Bubbles† Liposomes, in general, have long been viewed as bio-compatible drug/gene delivery reagents owing to their structural similarity to cell membranes. They are spherical bilayers composed of individual lipids enclosing a watery interior. Each lipid possesses a hydrophilic head group attached via a linker to a large hydrophobic domain. When exposed to an aqueous environment, these amphiphiles spontaneously form large spherical structures known as liposomes above a certain critical vesicular concentration (CVC). Within the sphere, lipids are arranged back-to-back in bilayers with the polar hydrophilic group facing outwards shielding the hydrophobic domain from the aqueous solution. Liposomes may be unilamellar (composed of a single bilayer) or multilamellar (composed of many concentric bilayers). The multilamellar liposome (MLV) upon sonication followed by repeated extrusion through polycarbonate membranes of defined pore size assume the size of small unilamellar vesicle (SUV, 30-100 nm) o r large unilamellar vesicle (LUV, 150-250 nm) (Figure 1).

Visions of Utopia in Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Visions of Utopia in Robinson Crusoe  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Daniel Defoe achieved literary immortality when, in April 1719, he published Robinson Crusoe" (Stockton 2321). It dared to challenge the political, social, and economic status quo of his time. By depicting the utopian environment in which was created in the absence of society, Defoe criticizes the political and economic aspect of England's society, but is also able to show the narrator's relationship with nature in a vivid account of the personal growth and development that took place while stranded in solitude. Crusoe becomes "the universal representative, the person, for whom every reader could substitute himself" (Coleridge 2318). "Thus, Defoe persuades us to see remote islands and the solitude of the human soul. By believing fixedly in the solidity of the plot and its earthiness, he has subdued every other element to his design and has roped a whole universe into harmony" (Woolf 2303). A common theme often portrayed in literature is the individual vs. society. In the beginning of Robinson Crusoe , the narrator deals with, not society, but his family's views on how he was bound to fail in life if his parents' expectations of him taking the family business were not met. However, Defoe's novel was somewhat autobiographical. "What Defoe wrote was intimately connected with the sort of life he led, with the friends and enemies he made, and with the interests of natural to a merchant and a Dissenter" (Sutherland 2). These similarities are seen throughout the novel. "My father...gave me serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design," says Crusoe (Defoe 8-9) . Like Crusoe, Defoe also rebelled against his parents. Unlike Crusoe, however, Defoe printed many essays and papers that rebelled against the government and society, just as Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, did in England by depicting society languishing in social malaise (Marowski 231). It were these writings that eventually got Defoe charged with libel and imprisoned (DIScovering Authors). In Defoe's life it was the ministry that his father wanted him to pursue (Sutherland 2), but, instead, Defoe chose to become a tradesman (DIScovering Biography). The depth of the relationship between Crusoe and his parents in the book was specifically not elaborated upon because his parent's become symbolic not only of all parents, but of society. In keeping this ambiguous relationship, Defoe is able to make Crusoe's abrupt exodus much more believable and, thus, more humane.

Be a Powerful or Powerless Woman

Be a Powerful or Powerless Woman? In â€Å"The Englishwoman†, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala writes about Sadie, a fifty-two-year-old Englishwoman who leaves her husband and children behind after her marriage with her husband for thirty years. Sadie goes back to her home country, England, to spend the rest of her life since she is not satisfied with the stifling life in India. Sadie feels disappointed when life in India is not the same as she expected, which she experiences in a culture clash between Indian culture and her own.However, in Isabel Allende’s â€Å"The Judge’s Wife†, Casilda is presented as a powerful woman in front of her husband, Judge Hidalgo. When Judge Hidalgo sets up a trap for Nicolas Vidal, the leader of a gang of bandit, by caging his mother, Juana the Forlorn, Casilda goes to save her. In their seven years of married life, it was the first time that Casilda had gone against Judge Hidalgo. After the sudden death of Hidalgo, Casilda gives hersel f completely to Nicolas Vidal, who is willing to sacrifice his life for her, in order to gain time for her children.Sadie decides to leave her family and marriage behind because of her powerless status within her husband’s culture; whereas Casilda holds great power against her husband and Nicolas Vidal. Due to the conflict between the culture of Sadie’s husband and her own, the Englishwoman despairs of the unbearable life in India. Although Sadie has been married to an Indian for thirty years, it seems that she has no power or influence in the family. Jhabvala says that, â€Å"Her husband’s family enjoyed and abetted her attempts to become Indian.A whole lot of them – mother-in-law, sister-in-law, aunts, cousins, and friends – would cram into the family car† (1258). It shows that Sadie’s husband has a large family, hence Sadie loses her hostess’s status and the other family members seem to have more rights than her. Moreover, S adie starts living in this family with quite a lot of family members, and she needs to follow the rules, style and culture of the Indian family. In short, Sadie, as an Englishwoman, cannot adapt the Indian’s culture and because of the big family, she shows no status and influence in the family.This may be one of the reasons why Sadie decides to leave the Indian family. In addition to the culture clash, roles of other relatives like the mother-in-law, aunts, even the servants are more important than Sadie when her son, Dev, was sick. Jhabvala states that, â€Å"He lay burning in the middle of a great bed, with his eyes full of fever; he was very quiet except for an occasional groan. All the women in the house had gathered round his beside and all were giving advice and different remedies† (1260).When Sadie notices that all women in the house come to her son’s bedroom, she realizes that she is insignificant in the family, even less important than the servants. Jha bvala describes that some women sit on the chairs and some sit on the floor. This implies that the room of Dev is flooded with the relatives and servants. Besides, Sadie cannot bear the mother-in-law, who is still smoking and reading a novel, squatted cross-legged on the end of Dev’s bed. Sadie feels sad for her son since she thinks the women who cram into her son’s bedroom are stifling her son and that he cannot breathe too.Other than that, Sadie remembers when she was sick in her childhood, â€Å"the only person who ever came in was her mother when it is time for her medicine† (1260). Thus, Sadie thinks that she should be the only person to look after her son instead of the crowd of relatives and servants. The Englishwoman finds that she loses her status of a mother for taking care of her ill son and this brings up a foreshadow that aids her to leave the Indian family In contrast with Jhavala’s story, Casilda holds a lot of power over her husband, Judge Hidalgo, and she influences his overall behavior after she married to him.Judge Hidalgo is a severity, stubbornness man and â€Å"didn’t have the slightest notion of how to go about pleasing a woman† (1226). Although Judge Hidalgo is twice as Casilda’s age, she is happy and she gave birth to three lovely kids after their marriage. Also, Allende states that, â€Å"he flung off his gloomy apparel, rollicked with his children, chuckled as he sat Casilda on his lap† (1227). He becomes a caring husband and lovely father for Casilda and their children after Casilda married him. Casilda not only influences her husband’s behavior towards family, but also transforms his character from a stubborn mind to a mercy thought.After Judge Hidalgo sets up a trap for Nicolas Vidal, which put Vidal’s mother, Juana the Forlorn, in a specially made cage for three days with a jug of water; Casilda brings food and water to save her. Initially, Judge Hidalgo ignore s the people who â€Å"plead with Judge Hidalgo for Christian mercy and to beg him to spare the poor old innocent woman such a frightful death† (1229). In other words, though people protest the way of setting this trap by caging the ill-treated old woman, the Judge doesn’t change his mind at all. Yet, Allende says that â€Å"Judge Hidalgo himself opened the cage to elease the prisoner† (1229) because of Casilda’s begging. In their seven years marriage life, it is the first time that Casilda uses her power to challenge with Judge Hidalgo because she wants to persuade him to become a lenient man. This proves the importance of Casilda’s status in her husband’s mind and completely influences her husband’s personality to make him become a merciful man. Using her power and grandeur, Casilda finds a cliff for hiding her three children so as to avoid being killed by the Vidal's party, and tries her best to satisfy Vidal as to gain more time f or her children.To his surprise, Nicolas Vidal realizes that Casilda is the first person who faces him without fear in his life. Moreover, Casilda focuses on gaining time for her children by pleasuring Nicolas Vidal. At last, Casilda begged Nicolas Vidal to escape since the soldiers are going to kill him. However, Allende says that, â€Å"Nicolas Vidal chose to fold her in a last embrace, thus fulfilling the prophecy that had sealed his fate from the start† (1231). Nicolas Vidal gives himself up to exchange for the last embrace because of Casilda, the only woman who influences him most of his life and is willing to sacrifice his life for her.To conclude, Sadie attempts to become an Indian in the beginning of her marriage life. However, she fails and leaves her husband and children behind due to her helpless status and the differences between the culture of her husband and her own. On the other hand, Casilda uses her great power to influence her husband’s behavior and N icolas Vidal who was even willing to lose his life for her. Among these different situations, the two women have no opportunity to choose between a powerful or powerless woman because their life is destined by fate.

The Group Theater essays

The Group Theater essays The Group Theatre began as a small company that provided actors and actresses with a means and a location to practice plays. Three people, Harold Clurman, Lee Strasberg, and Cheryl Crawford formed The Group Theatre. The Group Theatre escalated in 1931 and ended abruptly in 1941 prevailing through the years there were hits, periods of flops, financial straits, depressing inactivity, and spiraling to as glittering of a success as any on Broadway. This story however is also the story of growth and development throughout American cultural life in the thirties. The year is 1928, and the tedious beginning of The Group Theatre began when Harold Clurman answered the call of a real estate man, Sidney Ross, who was thinking of going into theatrical production and was seeking an aide of some kind. Clurman then contacted his friend, Strasberg, and the two of them outlined their ideas. The proposal was quite simple, they wanted to work on a play that had no formal production plans, but the work would be instructive to the actors, and a new theatre might be born of their modest efforts. After many weeks of rehearsals their play was viewed by an exclusive audience, and Waldo Frank, who had written the play advised Ross that the play should be run, the members reviewed the idea and came up with their own proposal-they would rehearse another play, and if the outcome was the same response they would head to New York. After six weeks they performed the play to about 100 people, and got the same response, however nothing happened, and the experiment was finished. Cheryl Crawford urged Clurman to prepare for future by finding actors for their more permanent company. Some actors that were considered were Franchot Tone, Morris Carnovsky, Meisner, and others. Since The Group Theatre had no money, no plays, the meetings of the actors were to be entirely unofficial. The new idea of The Group Theatre was to establish a theatre in wh...

Addisons Disease Essay Essays

Addisons Disease Essay Essays Addisons Disease Essay Essay Addisons Disease Essay Essay The disease I’ve been reading and researching about is called Addison’s Disease. Addison’s Disease is an uncommon status in which the adrenal secretory organs. above the kidneys. don’t make sufficiency of a endocrine called hydrocortisone. which helps modulate the body’s usage of a protein. saccharides and fat. helps keep blood force per unit area and cardiovascular map and controls inflamation. Causes to how a individual will get and the usual type of people to acquire Addison’s Disease are from diseases like HIV. malignant neoplastic disease. surgery. radiation therapy and familial. Signs and Symptoms consist of those similar to a tummy virus. Signs of Addison’s Disease include low blood force per unit area. blackening of tegument and type 1 diabetes. Symptoms of the disease normally develop easy but consist of musculus failing and weariness. weight loss and decreased appetency. salt hungering. low blood sugar. sickness. diarrhoea or emesis. musculus or joint strivings. crossness and depression. A individual with some of the marks and symptoms of Addison’s disease will most probably non hold it but if they don’t have color stain. low blood force per unit area. blackening of the tegument and the impulse to hold salty nutrients so they should confer with with a physician. To name Addison’s disease your physician will first inquire you if you have had malignant neoplastic disease. have Hiv or household history of Addison’s disease. and a physical scrutiny to find if there have been any skin stain. Other trials such as Blood trials to look into for high K or low Na degrees. your hydrocortisone and ACTH degrees may be checked. ACTH stimulation Trials to look into how your endocrine degrees are. Imagining trial such as Ct scans or MRI’s to look for harm to the adrenal secretory organs. The order of trials would be determined through the 1s with least side affect chance. so the hysical trial would be foremost. so blood trial. so an ACTH stimulation Test. and eventually the Imagination Trials. Addison’s Disease intervention is made up of medical specialty. self-care and being prepared for when your organic structure is under a great sum of emphasis. if your physician has the slightest idea that you have Addison’s he will set you on medicine right off. Medicine will necessitate to be taken as prescribed and will be for the remainder of your life to replace the hydrocortisone and aldosterone that your organic structure is non bring forthing. To hold a nice self-care agencies you need to acquire adequate salt in your diet. weigh yourself on a regular basis. onitoring your blood force per unit area. and acquire regular medical examinations. Be prepared for drastically bad feelings amongst your organic structure. hold a shooting of exigency medical specialty with you at all times. and have on a medical ticket for when a physicians needs to cognize if you have to hold a hydrocortisone shooting. Bing diagnosed with Addison’s is tough but with these interventions it gives you the option to populate. Addison’s disease could be difficult to cover with but thanks to todays engineering and research it gives a patient hope. After reading about Addison’s disease it made me thankful that I’m healthy and sorry for the people that have to endure from the disease.

Free Essays on Daughter Of Amcoma

Welcome to a world where knowing politics is survival and the best atFeist has joined with Janny Wurts to render a tale from the other side of the Rift War, the Tsurani Empire of Kelewan. Feist's and Wurts's new series takes the reader on a ride through the Empire, while the war with Midkemia takes a distant yet poignant back seat. As the story opens, Mara, the daughter of Lord Sezu of House Acoma, is vowing her honor and future to the Order of Lashima, Goddess of the Inner Light. Lord Sezu and his son and heir, Lanokota, have fallen in the battle with Midkemia. Brought down by the treachery and betrayal of a rival house, Minwanabi and the Lord Jingu, the House Acoma's fate descends upon Mara mere moments before she is sworn into the Order. Grieved and stunned by the deaths, she is whisked away to become Lady of House Acoma, a rarity in the history of the Empire. As her barge thrusts through the waterways of Kentosani toward her home, Mara is beset with thoughts of vengeance, pain, fear, anger, and confusion as she struggles to deal with the deaths of her admired father and adored brother and her new duties as Lady of House Acoma. The Acoma garrison has been weakened because hundreds of her father's soldiers followed him into battle and were cut down by the Midkemian barbarians in that distant land. Though wealthy, the House Acoma is in grave danger of being destroyed by a further thrust of Lord Jingu of the Minwanabi as he plays the time-honored Game of the Council. Realizing she is naive in the Game of the Council, where low houses can be made mighty and mighty houses ascend to the Emperorship or end in ruin, Mara must quickly gain experience if her family name is to survive. The empire Mara and her family have lived in for so long is full of political maneuvering, blood feuds, assassins, and wily merchants, beggars and grey warriors. House Acoma is one of the oldest families of the Empire and, with the recent events, ... Free Essays on Daughter Of Amcoma Free Essays on Daughter Of Amcoma Welcome to a world where knowing politics is survival and the best atFeist has joined with Janny Wurts to render a tale from the other side of the Rift War, the Tsurani Empire of Kelewan. Feist's and Wurts's new series takes the reader on a ride through the Empire, while the war with Midkemia takes a distant yet poignant back seat. As the story opens, Mara, the daughter of Lord Sezu of House Acoma, is vowing her honor and future to the Order of Lashima, Goddess of the Inner Light. Lord Sezu and his son and heir, Lanokota, have fallen in the battle with Midkemia. Brought down by the treachery and betrayal of a rival house, Minwanabi and the Lord Jingu, the House Acoma's fate descends upon Mara mere moments before she is sworn into the Order. Grieved and stunned by the deaths, she is whisked away to become Lady of House Acoma, a rarity in the history of the Empire. As her barge thrusts through the waterways of Kentosani toward her home, Mara is beset with thoughts of vengeance, pain, fear, anger, and confusion as she struggles to deal with the deaths of her admired father and adored brother and her new duties as Lady of House Acoma. The Acoma garrison has been weakened because hundreds of her father's soldiers followed him into battle and were cut down by the Midkemian barbarians in that distant land. Though wealthy, the House Acoma is in grave danger of being destroyed by a further thrust of Lord Jingu of the Minwanabi as he plays the time-honored Game of the Council. Realizing she is naive in the Game of the Council, where low houses can be made mighty and mighty houses ascend to the Emperorship or end in ruin, Mara must quickly gain experience if her family name is to survive. The empire Mara and her family have lived in for so long is full of political maneuvering, blood feuds, assassins, and wily merchants, beggars and grey warriors. House Acoma is one of the oldest families of the Empire and, with the recent events, ...

Details, Dilemma and Decision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Details, Dilemma and Decision - Assignment Example If she does agree to be part of the trial phase, would there be a guarantee that this will not trigger her ailment that may cause her life to be shortened even more? Or could there be a hope that in the process something might be discovered eventually that she may also benefit from it after all? As for Dr. Blake, the offer that he made to Mrs. Wilkins may defy the principle of non-maleficence. It can jeopardize his career and credibility as a professional and his relationship with his patients. As a doctor, he may influence the decision that Mrs. Wilkins will take though it will not be what the patient would really want. People in the medical field do take note of non-maleficence principle which means not to do harm and is considered to be an overriding principle to everyone who undertakes the care of the patient. (Butts and Rich, 2005, p.13) With this in mind, it is just appropriate for Mrs. Wilkins to become a part of the trial phase that Dr. Blake is offering her. As a doctor, Dr. Blake has studied his patient’s medical history and would not risk the safety of Mrs. Wilkins just to get facts and data for a certain project. Mrs. Wilkins, being terminally ill, may not even think of her own self. It may be true that Mrs. Wilkins will not benefit from the drug at all. That is just the start of the study, there could still be a little hope or possibility that the patient may benefit from it. If the study will be completed, it is not just for the benefit of one but maybe for the benefit of a lot of patients that will be taking it eventually. The decision of one should not just be based for the good of one. Yet it should be for the good of many. In the long run, as people start using the drug, the users will be thankful to those people who tested the drug first, this includes Mrs. Wilkins. The life that she may have right now is bound to end at any stage, however with her actions and her decision to

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they Essay

Critical Management Theory (CMT) Explain Marx theories and how they applies to modern organisations - Essay Example The most important task and contribution of critical management theory â€Å"is to promote a more systematic and critical consideration of the contexts of organisational work† (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). It is also meant to strengthen the resistance towards pressures to align with the functional imperatives and demand of the corporate wisdom (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996, p.188). CMS offers a number of alternatives with the view to maintain the management theories to radically transform the management practices. There is extreme scepticism regarding moral dispensability and as well as the ecological and social sustainability of the existing management forms in organisations. CMS has no concern for the individual’s manager’s personal failures. Neither is it concerned with the poor management practices of particular organisations. It is rather concerned with social injustice and the environmental destruction of the economic and social systems that the organisa tions and managers serve and then reproduce (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). It is important to explain the term critical in this context. A large team is considered to be an example in this case. Teamwork is considered to be a means which would be used by managers to mobilise the employees for improving their performance in business. By the reorganisation of work for accommodating task interdependencies, and by leaving a certain amount of autonomy with the team members to handle the interdependencies, such team work is considered to be the most effective and most efficient means of working in a business and managing employees. Issues like work force diversities have become increasingly important and are considered to be factors which would impede or facilitate effective team work. If such team work impedes, research suggests and finds out a way in which the problem can be mitigated (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). In CMS, both team work and mainstream theories informing it are considered to be problematic. Mainstream research ignores such problems or views them as pathological. However, critical research shows how team work can be used to take the organisation towards its goals and objectives and can result in internalising the business values by the team members. Team members than begin to exploit and discipline themselves and their peers towards better business performance and become responsible team players (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). While developing the critical agenda, contemporary developments which are beyond mere academia have influenced CMS. â€Å"Well-established critiques of the fundamental features of contemporary capitalism have been undercut by the decline and fragmentation of the left since around 1970† (Adler, Forbes & Willmott, 2007, p.2). The same period also witnessed the development of a number of social movements which opened new perspectives. Expansion of some of the European communities and emerging econom ies and the rise of the Chinese and Indian economy has modified the Anglo and American business values. These developments are directly related to the management of organisations and the daily experience of works. Critical Management Studies appeal to the faculties, practitioners, students and activists who are tired and frustrated by such conservative limits (Adler, Forbes &

A Failure to Conform Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

A Failure to Conform - Literature review Example Hawthorne’s story begins when Goodman Brown leaves on a nighttime journey through the forest. When the story starts, Brown’s wife Faith is begging him not to go. Her warning, â€Å"may you find all well when you come back† (Hawthorne, 1), seems to indicate leaving them both alone in the darkness will only lead to disaster. In Irving’s story, Rip Van Winkle refused to undertake any work that might possibly earn a profit for himself no matter how much his wife nagged him. â€Å"In fact, he declared it was of no use to work on his farm; it was the most pestilent little piece of ground in the whole country; everything about it went wrong, and would go wrong, in spite of him† (Irving, 9). Rip’s nonconformism was in his assertion that thoughts and ideas were worth sharing and exploring while the farming of a useless piece of property just to make a good impression on the neighbors was a waste of good effort. Both men follow a path that appears to be out of the normal pathways followed by others. Hawthorne describes Brown’s path as unusual or outside the accepted norm. â€Å"He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind† (Hawthorne, 1). Although he meets several people from the village on his journey, Brown continues to express surprise and sadness at each meeting because of the â€Å"evil purpose† of the journey. Rip’s path is obviously not one typically traveled by the men of his village either. Not only is the path described as a high place in the Catskill Mountains, but the remote nature of the landscape is revealed when Rip stands up to leave.  

Risk analysis HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk analysis HW - Assignment Example Data complexity:-unstructured data are hard to handle and is triggered mostly by the various ways of generating data such as images and videos. From various sources such as tablet or smartphones and that they are hard to process because they are unstructured (Charles, 2011). Storage and publishing:- the storage o large amounts of data require large storage capacity and large storage distribution system which supports the given network used in the data analysis, storage and transfer (Charles, 2011). 2) a generally applicable analysis framework with appropriate new technique innovations, which can carry out system level risk analysis accounting for data incompleteness and heterogeneity, regardless the system logic structure. The system will be quite effective if the various components are protected from moisture and dust so that they do knock during the operations of the system. They should as well be cleaned regularly using the recommended wipe so that they do not get moisturized. Various soft wares should be installed into the system Justas the framework highlights so that the data processing is speeded up and there should be a lot of interlinking the departments in an organization. In this, there is need to have intranet and internet connectivity within an organization with a lot of e-filing being done for quick retrieval and safety storage. The installed software will make complex operations to seem lighter and they will be efficient. The staff that should be in operation should possess the desired skills and knowledge on computerization and technology so that the data are not mishandled due to

Urban Renewal in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Urban Renewal in Canada - Essay Example This contributed to the establishment of the reform agenda which was considered best and suitable for the moral and economic aspect of Canada. Canada had notice that the urban renewal program which had been implemented in USA had emerged to benefit the residents of various towns significantly. Among the major towns in Canada where this program was notably implemented is the Distillery District in Toronto2. Generally, urban renewal in Canada involved removal of irrelevant structures, relocation of business centers and the government intervention of purchasing property for public planning and urban renewal. This government intervention in Canada as way of implementing urban renewal involved the purchase of private property for the purpose of city-initiated development projects. This exercise went further into the rural context of Canada carried out in rural areas commonly referred to as renewal of the village. The major reason that prompted Canada into considering urban renewal was to ease both human and building congestions and to ensure that major town and cities received expressways and freeways. There was a consideration that Canadian authorities viewed urban renewal program as being an economic fosterer as well as mechanism of reform. With the adoption of the underlying urban renewal program there emerged a trend in Canada. This emerging trend was that urban renewal in Canada became a policy in which houses and residential neighborhood were affected by urban renewal program. The policy provided revitalization of the central business district as well as the gentrification of the underlying residential neighborhood. This urban renewal was characterized with more renovation, less destruction and a significant government investment. In today’s Cana da, these policies have been integrated into the local government and it is mainly attributed to both big and large business incentives. Urban

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The concept and significance of entrepreneurship indicated above earns further potential when linked to marketing activities. It is found that entrepreneurs mainly tied to small and medium sized business concerns with the help of potential marketing activities earned the potential to gain an enhanced space in the existing business environment. The entrepreneurial firms thus through the help of potential marketing strategies gained a competitive advantage to successfully compete with other firms in the same sector. Hence with the development of the business scenario the entrepreneurial activities are required to be increasingly linked with large scale marketing and promotional pursuits to help the entrepreneur earn success. The paper hereby discusses on the concepts of entrepreneurship through the uses of different models and draws its linkage to marketing activities. Further emphasizing on the above concepts the paper focuses on the actions and entrepreneurial processes of a specific retailer which would be analyzed through the entrepreneurial models like that of Sarasvathy’s and Burns Entrepreneurial Model and also based on the GET tests. Concept of Entrepreneurship The concept of entrepreneurship can be observed to have its emergence in relation to English and French literature when the dimensions of trade were slowly evolving. More specifically the evolution of the concept of entrepreneurship can be found to have gained in regards to French literature where the entrepreneurs were considered to be persons creating large business organizations and thereby are found to undertake large amount of business risks. Thus entrepreneurs are found to be people related to large business organizations and those with potency to manage to high amount of business risks. In the modern business context the concept of entrepreneurship earns a much larger dimension in regards to the innovative mindsets of the entrepreneur in rendering innovation to the existing organization processes and thereby enhancing the competitive advantage of the business policies. Similarly the entrepreneur working on the process of innovation can use potential technological and other resources to produce newer products and services and thus gain control of newer markets. The above discussion can be diagrammatically presented as follows. Figure 1: Entrepreneurship in Relation to Firm and

Risk analysis HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk analysis HW - Assignment Example Data complexity:-unstructured data are hard to handle and is triggered mostly by the various ways of generating data such as images and videos. From various sources such as tablet or smartphones and that they are hard to process because they are unstructured (Charles, 2011). Storage and publishing:- the storage o large amounts of data require large storage capacity and large storage distribution system which supports the given network used in the data analysis, storage and transfer (Charles, 2011). 2) a generally applicable analysis framework with appropriate new technique innovations, which can carry out system level risk analysis accounting for data incompleteness and heterogeneity, regardless the system logic structure. The system will be quite effective if the various components are protected from moisture and dust so that they do knock during the operations of the system. They should as well be cleaned regularly using the recommended wipe so that they do not get moisturized. Various soft wares should be installed into the system Justas the framework highlights so that the data processing is speeded up and there should be a lot of interlinking the departments in an organization. In this, there is need to have intranet and internet connectivity within an organization with a lot of e-filing being done for quick retrieval and safety storage. The installed software will make complex operations to seem lighter and they will be efficient. The staff that should be in operation should possess the desired skills and knowledge on computerization and technology so that the data are not mishandled due to

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The concept and significance of entrepreneurship indicated above earns further potential when linked to marketing activities. It is found that entrepreneurs mainly tied to small and medium sized business concerns with the help of potential marketing activities earned the potential to gain an enhanced space in the existing business environment. The entrepreneurial firms thus through the help of potential marketing strategies gained a competitive advantage to successfully compete with other firms in the same sector. Hence with the development of the business scenario the entrepreneurial activities are required to be increasingly linked with large scale marketing and promotional pursuits to help the entrepreneur earn success. The paper hereby discusses on the concepts of entrepreneurship through the uses of different models and draws its linkage to marketing activities. Further emphasizing on the above concepts the paper focuses on the actions and entrepreneurial processes of a specific retailer which would be analyzed through the entrepreneurial models like that of Sarasvathy’s and Burns Entrepreneurial Model and also based on the GET tests. Concept of Entrepreneurship The concept of entrepreneurship can be observed to have its emergence in relation to English and French literature when the dimensions of trade were slowly evolving. More specifically the evolution of the concept of entrepreneurship can be found to have gained in regards to French literature where the entrepreneurs were considered to be persons creating large business organizations and thereby are found to undertake large amount of business risks. Thus entrepreneurs are found to be people related to large business organizations and those with potency to manage to high amount of business risks. In the modern business context the concept of entrepreneurship earns a much larger dimension in regards to the innovative mindsets of the entrepreneur in rendering innovation to the existing organization processes and thereby enhancing the competitive advantage of the business policies. Similarly the entrepreneur working on the process of innovation can use potential technological and other resources to produce newer products and services and thus gain control of newer markets. The above discussion can be diagrammatically presented as follows. Figure 1: Entrepreneurship in Relation to Firm and

Dietary Supplement Essay Example for Free

Dietary Supplement Essay Taking any kind of supplements can also be a type of complementary or alternative medicine. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates medicine. A dietary supplement can be sold without research on how well it works. The benefit of taking dietary supplements is that they are designed to augment your daily intake of nutrients. Normally, you should be able to get all the nutrients you need from a well balanced diet. However, taking supplements can provide additional nutrients when your diet is lacking or when certain health conditions cause you to develop an insufficiency or deficiency. Multiple-vitamin supplements provide all the basic vitamins and minerals your body needs. These vitamins are generally safe because they only contain small amounts of each nutrient. Individual nutrients can also be sold as a dietary supplement, but in larger amounts than what’s found in a typical multiple-vitamin. These supplements may be used to treat a simple deficiency, such as an iron deficiency, but sometimes they’re used therapeutically to treat specific health conditions or risk factors. For example, large doses of niacin may be used to raise good cholesterol, and folic acid has been used to reduce the risk of a birth defect called spina bifida. The risk of taking dietary supplements is that some contain active ingredients that have strong biological effects in the body. This could make them unsafe in some situations and hurt or even complicate your health. Using dietary supplements could lead to harmful and even life-threatening consequences such as using supplements with medications whether prescription or over the counter and substituting them for prescriptions medicines. Taking too much of some of these supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, and iron. Some supplements can also have unwanted effects before, during, and after surgery. Always inform your health care provider, including your pharmacist about any supplements your taking especially before surgery. The FDA regulates both finished dietary supplement products and dietary ingredients under a different set of regulation than those covering â€Å"conventional† foods and drug products (prescription and Over-the-counter). Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the dietary supplement or dietary ingredient manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement or ingredient is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Manufacturers are required to produce dietary supplements to minimum quality standards and ensure that they do not contain any contaminants or impurities, and are accurately labeled. Generally, manufacturers do not need to register their products with FDA nor get approval before producing or selling dietary supplements. Manufacturers must make sure that product label information is truthful and not misleading. The manufacturers are required to report all serious dietary supplement related adverse events or illnesses to the FDA as of December 2007. The FDA can take dietary supplements off the market if they are found to be unsafe, adulterated, or if the claims on the products are false and misleading. Folic acid is a type of B vitamin that is normally found in foods such as dried beans, peas, lentils, oranges, whole-wheat products, liver, asparagus, beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and spinach. Folic acid is used for preventing and treating low blood levels of folic acid as well as its complications, including â€Å"tired blood’ (anemia) and the inability of the bowel to absorb nutrients properly. Folic acid is also used for other conditions commonly associated with folic acid deficiency, including ulcerative colitis, liver disease, alcoholism, and kidney dialysis. Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant take folic acid to prevent miscarriage and birth defects such as spina bifida that occur when the fetus’s spine and back don’t close during development. Folic acid is likely safe for most people. Most adults do not experience an aide effects when consuming the recommended amount each day, which is 400 mcg. High doses of folic acid might cause abdominal cramps, diarrhea, rash, sleep disorders, irritability, confusion, nausea, stomach upset, behaviors changes, skin reactions, seizures, gas, and excitability. There is some concern that taking too much folic acid for a long period of time might cause serious side effects. Some research suggests that taking folic acid in doses of 800-1200 mcg might increase the risk of heart attack in people who have heart problems. Other research suggests that taking these high doses might also increase the risk of cancer such as lung or prostate cancer. For folic acid deficiency: the typical dose is 250-1000 mcg per day. For preventing neural tube defects: at least 400 mcg of folic acid per day from supplements or fortified food should be taken by women capable of becoming pregnant and continued through the first month of pregnancy. Women with a history of previous pregnancy complicated by neural tude defects usually take 4 mg per day beginning one month before and continuing for three months after conception. References: www. nih. gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements www. wedmd. com/dietarysupplements www. fda. gov/food/dietarysupplements

Human Factors In The Aviation Industry

Human Factors In The Aviation Industry Human factors is one of the most used terms in the aviation industry. It was quoted in the Civil Aviation Authority CAP 715 that aircraft accidents recorded from around the world brought the need to address human factors issues in this environment into sharp focus6. Human factor can be fairly described as a mistakes or error that is cause by a human behaviour. It is also the largest causal factor of accidents and so, it must be targeted for major safety efforts if an improved safety records is to be achieved. From human factor, the concept grew into a more in depth system that helps to improvise the aviation maintenance organization working condition and such a new system are; safety culture and safety management system are being implemented in to organization. Safety Management System Safety Management can be seen as a systematic implementation of Risk management in the planning, control and supervision in the process to ensure safe operations. In a publication by Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) on Safety Management Systems for Commercial Air Transport Operations, CAP-712 it defines Safety Management System as: Safety Management is defined as the systematic management of the risks associated with flight operations, related ground operations and aircraft engineering or maintenance activities to achieve high levels of safety performance. 5 A Safety Management System is an explicit element of the corporate management responsibility which sets out a companys safety policy and defines how it intends to manage safety as an integral part of its overall business. 5 In short, safety management system is the processes and arrangements set by an organization to manage the health and safety issues within an organization and through such a method of using a system to manage those important function in the organization; it can improve the performance of an organization and reduce the risks any accidents. In the aircraft maintenance industry, safety management plays an important role of maintaining the satisfactory work output. Failure in this will cause a list of chain effect that could possibly increase the chances of causing an aircraft accident. For this reason, the Civil Aviation Authorities publish manuals on regards to this matter and one of such is the CAP 712 which focuses specifically on the safety management of the aviation industry to minimize the chances any factors that causes risks. A typical Safety Management Systems found in aviation industry should be made up of 4 key components:7 Safety Policy and Objectives; 7 An organization should have a safety policy that outlines the methods and processes that they will use to achieve a positive result. It should declare the principles and philosophies that lay the foundation of the organizations safety culture and be communicated to all staff thorough the organization. Safety Risk Management; 7 Safety risk management process starts with identification of hazards affecting the aviation industry and by assessing the risk associated with the hazards in terms of its seriousness and similarity to previous cases. When the risks are identified, only then can we make the appropriate implementation of remedial actions to reduce the level of risk as low as possible. Safety Assurance; 7 Safety assurance assesses the safety performance of the organization and this will allow continuous improvement to the organization. Through monitoring, measurement and reviewing the safety of an organization, it is possible to create a safety assurance within the organization and allow a continuous improvement of the safety system. Safety Promotion. 7 Promoting safety in an organization by means of training and educating employees will rather increase their safety responsibilities. This is especially effective for operational staffs, managers, supervisors, senior managers and the accountable manager since they are the ones that are responsible for the main production line of the company. Through training and continued maintenance of competence, it will provide an opportunity to reinforce the safety policy and establish the proper attitudes and behaviours for all levels of staff in the organization. Safety Culture Safety culture can be defined as the product of individual and group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine their commitment to the health and safety issues. An organization with a safety culture is one that prioritizes the safety and the importance to manage them to reduce risk. However, a safety culture is more than just avoiding accidents or reducing the number of accidents, but an apparent measure of success in improving the safety of employees within the organization. In the aircraft maintenance industry, it is to do follow the correct procedures when carrying out a maintenance check or repairs. Recognizing that accidents are preventable through following the key to achieving that safety culture is in: recognizing that accidents are preventable through following correct procedures and established best practice; constantly thinking safety; and seeking continuous improvement It is however, rare that new types of accidents to occur and many of those common ones continue to occur are normally due to the unsafe acts of employees, or technicians in these maintenance industry. These errors are usually the violation of good practice of establish rules. Those who make these errors are often aware of their foul actions but to cut a lengthy task short, they normally choose to take short-cuts and this ultimately increase the risk of accidents occurring. The central of a Safety Culture is a leadership that is capable of communicating with everyone in the company as a means of actions and setting a standard to the safety culture. Once everyone in the organization are capable of doing their job in a safe ways and vigilance of the hazardous environment of the maintenance organization, only then can they reach a new standard of safety driven through attitudes. At the same time, as a leader they must actively encourage and demonstrate regularly to encourage all employees to participate in order to achieve a new level of safety. A safety culture in an aircraft maintenance industry should consist of five elements2: An informed culture In an informed culture the organization should collects and analyses relevant data, and actively disseminates safety information to update on their safety management system. A reporting culture Through cultivating an atmosphere where people have confidence to report safety concerns without fear of blame. Employees must know that confidentiality will be maintained and that the information they submit will be acted upon, otherwise they will decide that there is no benefit in their reporting A learning culture In a learning culture, the organization is able to learn from its mistakes and make improvements. It will also ensure that people understand the Safety Management System processes at a personal level. A just culture A just culture, errors and unsafe acts will not be punished if the error was unintentional. However, for those who act recklessly or take deliberate and unjustifiable risks will still be subject to disciplinary action. A flexible culture A flexible culture in the organization and the people in it are capable of adapting effectively to changing demands. Safety Management System with Safety Culture In a term, safety culture lays the foundation of the safety management system which can also be treated as the lifeblood of an organization. The safety culture can influences how well its people and structure work together therefore it can determines how successful an organization can be for the long term and short term period at the same time. Safety culture in a maintenance organisation can be also described as the way it operates and particularly in the way it manages safety. To put it simply, a safety culture influences all important thing that go on in an organization. In order for Safety Management System to accomplish its goals, the organization must first be able to establish a safety culture within the working environment. From the key components that made up the Safety Management System and Safety Culture, it is understandable that why without safety culture, a safety management System will not be effective. The Safety culture elements refers to the work environments, such as values, rules and understandings that influence the employees perceptions and attitudes toward the importance of a safety of the organization. On the other hand, the Safety Management System is the arrangements made by the organization in order to promote a safety culture and achieve good safety performance. Without a Safety Culture the industry will not be able to minimize the risks of accidents with just having a Safety Management System. It is the combine effects of the 2 that create a balance of risk management. The safety culture works by providing the proper analysis of risk faced by the industry and by using this information, the Safety Management System can make arrangement to strengthen the safety culture, for example, the attitude of employees when performing a task can be strengthen if they have beneficial claims if they done the task with correct procedure. Therefore, we can conclude that in order for a Safety Management System to establish in the aviation industry, a safety culture must coexist with Safety Management System. Reprimanding Engineer Reprimanding an engineer is a process where they are judge on their mistakes. However, the chances of that engineer making the same mistakes in the future is very low but if we are looking at a different type of mistakes, it is almost impossible to say that by reprimanding an engineer can actually prevent them from making the mistakes in the future. Even if we reprimand the engineer who is at fault it is difficult to put the blame on him/her as we are well aware of human factors and other factors that plays a role in such situation. Therefore, even if we were to reprimand the engineers for the mistakes, it is not entirely possible to say that they will not make other mistakes in the future. The only way to answer the question is the type of mistakes which is either something that we cant control i.e. human factors, and those that are caused by poor management in the organization. By learning from mistakes, the management team will be able to adjust or improve the working culture so t hat the same mistakes will not every happen again in the organization. The few aspects to that place the engineer in a position where he or she is at fault of the mistakes but the fact reveals that they are not entirely at fault. They are: Working Environment Workload Maintenance Team Working Environment: In the maintenance department of aviation industry, with the ever changing working environment it is hard for engineers to cope with it. The maintenance department will have aircraft going in and out of the hangar every day and it should be able to accommodate the specific type and number of aircraft in the base to carry out the maintenance. If the engineer have been working in a tight space area there are bound to have human errors mistakes going on in the maintenance base. When we talk about working environment, it also includes the environmental issues such as temperature, lighting, noise and tools. In different countries the working temperature can play a role in causing human errors which is can be prevented by having proper ventilation in the working environment. Lighting on the other hand plays an important role because a working environment with poor lighting can also promote poor working environment and expose engineers to make mistakes. Noise levels should be controlled to the point where it will not distract engineer when carrying out tasks such as inspection if it is not practical to control the noise source, engineers should be provided with the proper gear to stop the excessive noise that cause distraction. Working environment also includes the different types of tools that are used for specific tasks. If a maintenance need to carry out a task that requires tools that the maintenance department are not prepared with, engineers might be forced in a situation where they need to improvise to get the job done which include using non-compatible tools to do a job. Workload An increased workload may also be considered to be associated as the cause of the mistakes. Workload can affect engineers psychological and physical performance. With increased workload, the amount of stress that builds up slowly can ultimately cause an unwanted problem to happen. This is a common problem that can be found in most aviation maintenance industry as engineers are constantly asked to accomplish a task within a specific amount of time. If for some reason they are unable to accomplish the task in time, their stress level will rise to a point where they might complete the task without proper inspection of being done correctly. Therefore, engineers are not the only reason that will link them to making mistakes but originated from the maintenance department that schedule the amount of work that needs to be done. Maintenance Team In the aviation maintenance industry, it is common to find that engineers work in a team with a handful of technicians or other engineers to accomplish a certain job. However, it is impossible to judge whos at fault when a problem appears in the task that they performed. As a team, it is not justify putting the blame on 1 engineer that performs the task as a team be it the correct way or not. The issues should be raise up against the whole team in order to maintain a balance in the working culture so that everyone in the maintenance department are well aware of such a problem and will be more vigilance. After such an incident, the management team can set up a system that need all team members to inspect that the task is done correctly and without any problems and reducing the chances of repeating the same mistakes in the future. From the unintentional cause of mistakes, we now move on to discuss on the violation of aircraft maintenance practice. Although most engineers stern from a genuine desire to do a proper job but there are always some that chooses to be the odd ones and decided to violate the practices intentionally and pose as a threat to the aviation maintenance. There are 4 types of violation which can be classified: Routine Violation Routine violations is when engineers believe that procedures may be over prescriptive and decided that they can be violated to simplify a task or commonly known by us as cutting corners, to save time and efforts. Situational Violations Situational violation only occurs due to time pressure, high workload, unworkable procedures, inadequate tooling, and poor working conditions. So in order to get the job done, engineers consider that a procedure cannot be followed completely and again skipped the full procedure. Optimizing Violations Optimizing violations involve breaking the rules for kicks or pleasure. These are often quite unrelated to the actual task. The person just uses the opportunity to show that he is very skillful in doing specific task. Exceptional Violations Exceptional Violations are when engineers have no other options to proceed with a task without violating a few rules. Even if the engineers have no ill intention of violating any procedure but circumstances persists. When an error occurs in the maintenance department, the engineer who last worked on the aircraft is usually consider to be at fault and may be reprimanded and requires to go through some remedial training or simply told not to make the same error again. However, by blaming the engineer who is at fault may not be a positive ways of sending message across the maintenance department since other engineers may be discourage to come clean about their mistakes and cover up their mistakes. Ultimately, through reprimand it deny a safety culture to effectively establish in the maintenance department. Without a safety culture, the engineer will not be aware of the other mistakes and subsequently that engineer will make another mistake. All in all, it is not possible that the engineer will avoid making mistakes since there is always a human limit. So, in order to reduce or prevent errors, the maintenance organization needs to compromise between implementing measure to prevent or reduce errors and making profits. Perhaps the most important of all is to achieve a level of management where engineers have no means of intentionally violates the proper procedure to accomplish tasks. Conclusion In conclusion, human factor is one of the most common factors that cause error or accidents in the aviation maintenance industry. In order to prevent or reduce this risk, organization implemented many new types of safety system and culture to counter this problem. Human factor forces people to make mistakes and mistakes leads to accident, be it a serious or minor ones but the end result will be organization not making any profits. Having that said, since its not possible to avoid human factors in the aviation industry, engineers making a mistakes unintentionally can help the maintenance organization to learn from such an incident and implement new system so that they can reduce or prevent such mistakes from happening again in the future.

George Orwells 1984 Essay -- Essays Papers

Orwells 1984 1984 as an Anti-Utopian Novel A utopia is an ideal or perfect community. While some writers have created fictional places that embody their ideals societies, other writers have written satires that ridicule existing conditions of society, or anti-utopias, which show possible future societies that are anything but ideal. In 1984 , George Orwell presents a terrifying picture of future as life under the constant surveillance of â€Å"Big Brother.† This book 1984 is an anti-utopian novel. The main character Winston Smith lives in the large political country Oceania, which is eternally at war with one of two huge countries, Eurasia and Eastasia. At any moment all existing records show either that Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia and allied with Eastasia, or that it has always been at war with Eastasia and allied with Eurasia. Winston knows this, because his work at the Ministry of Truth involves the constant correction of news. â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past,† the party slogan reads. Basically, Winston takes real news and twists it to what â€Å"Big Brother† wants the people to know. In the grim city and terrifying country, where â€Å"Big Brother† is always watching you and the Thought Police can practically read your mind, Winston is a man in great danger for the simple reason that his memory still functions. He knows the party controls people by feeding them lies and taking away their imaginations. The Pa...

Stories Told Halfway :: Personal Narrative Sleeping Papers

Stories Told Halfway When I was sick I slept all day, in the shifting patch of sun on my bed. I woke up after fourteen hours and I saw that I had taken Sleep into me. And I thought, I understand why they called Sleep a god, why they gave him a face. If you sleep long enough, you let him in. You can feel the way he lifts your limbs and lets them fall again till they learn to hang, loosely, just so. You can feel the way his hands push down on the back of your neck, gently, and the lazy halo he brushes over the crown of your head with his fingers. You can understand why today he likes Sun, who paints a quiet coat of warmth onto your faded yellow sheets. You can feel him blink and stretch and curl up softly and let Sun paint him golden. And you can also understand why mostly he likes Night, who comes more quietly, dressed in cool gowns, trailing her nets and nets of stars to trap him in. You can see through his eyes, when you have just woken. Things come into your understanding slowly and you are content t o know them only halfway. You do not struggle for meaning. You can see how he blurs shapes into roundness. You can see how he breathes out quiet through you where you go, and you know he is there in the sleepy tilt of your head. And the people around you, when you have just woken, will see Sleep smiling in the lazy lines of your walk. This is Nick's favorite dream: He was being chased. He was all fear. He ran until he started to run on four legs. He felt the spring and the power and the motion that is a wolf running. It was daytime, morning. He followed a rough trail that wove through the woods. He ran and it was not strange. He did not even stop to think, I am a wolf. Only he was. The trail turned cleaner, shafts of new white light urging him on to the east. He was not feeling afraid anymore. He hadn't for a long time. The chase fell away and he was just running, all motion and speed. He came to a place deep in the forest where the trees were narrow and dense.

Position Of Male Teachers In Our Education System Education Essay

In peculiar, the categorization of the art of learning as adult females work has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. Male simple instructors can be important function theoretical accounts for their pupils. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need such important positive function theoretical accounts to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society and to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950, 1968 ) .A As such it is believed that mal e figures in our school system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that there is small fluctuation the work that male and female instructors really do, but they tend to be different in their interactions. Teachers should take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that immature male childs have been affected by the diminution in male instructors in their developmental old ages ( considered to be preschool age 2 to 12 old ages ) . Furthermore he states that male childs are able to derive more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, but they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † Simply put boys learn more when they are instructed by male instructo rs. Not merely do work forces hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment in male childs but they are besides indispensable in portraying and patterning maleness and manhood ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that one of the major issues environing academic failure in immature male childs is the fact that they are surrounded by preponderantly female instructors, therefore it is ingrained in their mind that school work is something for misss to make. They seldom see males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity and hence there is struggle with their maleness. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to correction given by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. One might reason that this might be strictly incidental. However, unless a female instructor exhibits masculine authorization manners or inordinate force, they appear to accomplish minimum or ephemeral consequences when covering with particularly riotous and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Due to this, boys are by and large disengaged from academic activities because most of the female instructors merely do non hold the capacity, desire or energy to cover with them. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † One statement may be that the primary important figures in the lives of immature male childs who have become a threat in some of our schools are preponderantly female instructors and/or individual female parents, aunties or grandmas. This could bespeak that even with the best attempts and purposes, immature male childs seem to be unaffected of perturbed by these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Though, research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over sense of ego regard, unity, ego assurance is fostered when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. This research paper has clearly shown that the inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils. While driving on a main road, one may detect a big hoarding demoing a male parent learning his kid to sit a motorcycle, an activity which is seen by society which males prefer, instead than females for diversion. Soon, there are strong group differences between males and females, haltering success to alter structural inequalities between work forces and adult females in employment and the place ( Cox, 1987 ) . A recent study conducted by the National Education Association ( NEA ) , reported that work forces accounted for less than one-quarter of all instructors. Additionally, it revealed that a good balance between male and female instructors in an instruction installation AIDSs in a better acquisition environment. Although male instructors may sometimes miss gradualness and contemplation, they make up for it in enthusiasm, wit, and earnestness. Enrolling more male instructors will therefore profit the instruction system given that they are merely as effectual and efficient as female s at instructors or even better. One statement against aiming work forces for instruction is that gender is irrelevant, as adult females are rather capable of executing typical male activities with kids such as kicking a football. However, without male instructors kids will go on to keep the stereotyped position that instruction is a female business. A staff consisting of both male and female instructors is better able to back up equal chances for both male childs and misss, and to make environments that respect every person ( Coulter & A ; McNay, 1993 ) . Martino ( 2008 ) provinces: â€Å" In peculiar, the categorization of the art of instruction as â€Å" adult females ‘s work † has truly hurt the place of male instructors in our instruction system and maintain them out of the field. However, â€Å" Recuperative Maleness Politics † introduces conveying back maleness in order to battle current stereotypes. The term refers to the fact that males must be present in the schoolroom at the simple degree in order to cover with the current feminisation of the field † ( p. 192 ) . Most immature kids develop and larn through detecting the actions and words of those around them and research has shown that a male function theoretical account is indispensable in the school system. â€Å" Harmonizing to a Norms and Values Report 2011 commissioned by the Ministry of Social Development in Trinidad, and done by the ANSA McAL Psychological Research Centre, 69 per cent of adult females said they had kids, as compared to 53 per cent of work forces † ( Baldeosingh 2011 ) .This underlines the fact that some kids may non hold a solid male figure to emulate. Children need a important and positive function theoretical account to help in learning them the norms and values needed in society every bit good as to make full a male parent function for the six hr twenty-four hours that they spend together, a undertaking which female instructors can non carry through. They need to interact with male instructors when they are immature and turning emotionally. â€Å" Children need male function theoretical accounts between the ages of seven and thirteen to assist them turn and place themselves. † ( Erickson, 1950 ) .A As such, it is believed that male figures in our s chool system are required to steer, protect, enhance and influence pupils in a positive and resourceful mode so that they can go successful immature grownups. The factors that have encouraged the enlisting of more male instructors surfaced from the diverse learning manners between male and female instructors. Emphasis is placed on the instructor ‘s position on internal and external methods of control and how wit and freedom tantrums in to it ( Kesici, 2008 ) . For illustration, male instructors are frequently humourous and encourage freedom of address and appropriate behaviour in comparing to female instructors. They normally tell gags, and integrate play and treatments in the schoolroom which make the pupils laugh bring forthing a higher degree of involvement in the topic being taught. â€Å" The impression that instructors ‘ schoolroom behaviour and interaction with students may be predicted on the footing of their gender underpins recent controversial runs to enroll more male instructors † ( Francis 2008 ) . â€Å" Male instructors are more likely than female instructors to esteem and provide to kids ‘s ‘ involvement and demands, such as for more rambunctious drama † ( Farquhar, 1997 ) . Robinson ( 1988 ) adds nevertheless, that while there is small fluctuation in the work that male and female instructors really do, they tend to be different in their interactions. Male and female instruction manners take into history the assorted demands of each pupil and make a balanced instruction and acquisition environment where kids are allowed to develop holistically. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) suggested that due to the diminution in male instructors, the developmental old ages of male childs ( considered to be from two to twelve old ages ) have been affected soberly. Furthermore, he explained that boys gain more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors, as they besides act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness. This has lead to the thought of â€Å" ‘Gender Match ‘ which can be defined as the premise that kids learn at a faster rate when being taught by those of the same sex † ( Sokal & A ; Katz, 2008 ) . Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr. Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † As a effect, boys learn at a faster rate when they are educated by male instead than fema le instructors. Additionally, Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that a cardinal issue environing academic failure in male child is the fact that they are surrounded chiefly by female instructors ; for that ground it is embedded in their mind that â€Å" school work † is to some extent for misss to make. They seldom observe males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity ; hence, struggle with their maleness arises. Boys respond more positively and efficaciously to rectification and subject imposed by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. It is argued that this might be merely incidental. However, if a female instructor does non exhibit certain masculine authorization manners or utmost energy, they seem to accomplish minimum or short-run consequences when covering with peculiarly disorderly and delinquent male childs ( Francis 2008 ) . Therefore, male childs tend to be by and large disconnected from academe due to the fact that most female instructors do non hold the competency, will or energy to cover with their exuberance behaviour. Clark ( 2009 ) points out that: â€Å" Research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. † It is argued that the prevailing important figures present in the lives of immature male childs who have developed into a nuisance in schools are chiefly female instructors and/or individual female parents, grandmas or aunties. This perchance will bespeak that even with a combination of difficult work and good purposes, immature male childs seem to be imperviable of these influential adult females in their lives. There are a figure of statements for and against the presence of male instructors in the instruction system. Research has suggested that a balance of male and female instructors in the school system is desirable for kids. More over a sense of dignity, morality and ego assurance is encouraged when a kid has a masculine function theoretical account he/she looks up to pattern and interact with. Therefore, the relevant disposal should pull, recruit and retain male instructors. The inclusion and enlargement of the figure of male instructors in the school system will positively act upon, create, mold and bring forth better all rounded pupils particularly with regard to immature male pupils.